نشریه خانواده و بهداشت
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 17، پاییز 1397)

Menopause is a process characterized by a cessation of monthly cycle and a range of symptoms. Age of menopause can vary from one individual to another and it can depend on several factors. However there is no general agreement in the results of various studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the age of menopause and the factors affecting the onset age of menopause.

A Descriptive–Analytic study, on 400 menopausal women in Astara city who were randomly selected and interviewed. The data collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-student, chi-square, Pearson and spearman correlation tests.

These results showed that mean age at menopause was 47.21  4.15 years. The most prevalent symptom was nervousness (67.2%), headache (52.1%), difficulty in concentrating (49.8%), muscle and joint pains (45.5%) and lowest complication was Parts of body feel numb (16.7%). It was found that age at menarche, parity, irregular menstrual cycle, use of oral contraceptives, marital status, mother's age at natural menopause and diet were significantly related to age at natural menopause (P<0.05).

In this study the mean age of menopause in women was less than the others reports. Since the socioeconomic status, reproductive characteristics and dietary are related to the age at natural menopause in women. Therefore, Menopausal age can be increased by proper planning to modify adjustable factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting practices and coping styles with students' performance.

The research method was descriptive correlational and selected by random sampling. This research was conducted on a sample of 291 students the daughter of the 10th step was done. The instruments used in this research include the Bamirind parenting method (1991), the Lazarus coping strategies inventory (1988), and students' academic performance. The data were analyzed using Pearson's simple correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression using the SPSS software, it was analyzed.

The results indicated that the coping style of the problem (p = 0/01, r = 238/0) was positively correlated with excitement (p = 0.01, r = -0.167), and in the level 0.05 predicts students' academic performance. Negative parenting style (p = 0.01, r = -0.393) and democratic parenting (p = 0.01, r = 0.382) were positively associated with academic performance in students predicts.

According to the findings, it can be said that the problem-oriented coping style is positively correlated with the students' positive performance, as well as the positive parenting style, negative attitudes and the positive parenting style with academic performance in students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two interventions, integrative behavioral couple therapy and rational - emotive behavior therapy on cognitive emotion regulation among maladjustment couples.

This study was a quasi-experimental pretest - posttest with control group. The study population consisted of all couples with marital problems who referring to Ilam counseling and Psychological centers in 2017. Study sample consisted of 30 couples (10 couples for each group) that were selected by as a voluntary and randomly recruits to each group. Sample group was assigned to two experimental groups, including integrative behavioral couple therapy and rational - emotive behavior therapy and control groups. Instruments for gathering data were short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2009). Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as MANCOVA and ANOVA with repeated measure.

Based on study findings, the integrative behavioral couple therapy and rational - emotive behavior therapy have statistically significant impact on maladaptive and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their components. Furthermore, results of ANOVA with repeated measure indicate lasting effectiveness of these treatments on all components of cognitive emotion regulation during the follow-up, except catastrophizing.

According to these results can be concluded that these treatments improves the indices of cognitive emotion regulation strategies of maladjustment couples.

marital satisfaction is one of the most important aspects of marital life which is influenced by several factors. The purpose of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on physical image and maladaptive schemas on students.

This study was correlational and the statistical universe consisted 230 of married students at the Islamic Azad University – Qods branch, which selected by available sampling method. In order to collect the data, Furz & Alson (1989), Fittle & Associates (2005) and Young and Braun (2003) maladaptive schemata inventory questionnaires were used. Regression analysis was used to investigate the hypotheses of the research.

The results showed that both components of appearance dissatisfaction (β=-0.189, p<0.01) and weakness in social function (β=0.164, p<0.01) negatively and significantly predict marital satisfaction. Among the components of the early maladaptive schema, crippling and rejection, (β=-194, p<0.01) and other negative aspects (β=0.214, p<0.01), marital satisfaction is predicted

The finding showed the importance of physical image and maladaptive schema and its effect on marital satisfaction.

This study aims at predicting family communication patterns based on attachment and tolerance styles in women visiting health centers of 4th district in Tehran.

The aim of this study is fundamental and depends on collecting data and is a descriptive survey. Statistical population includes all the married women visiting health centers in 4th district in 1395. 250 women were chosen by simple random sampling. We used CPQ (communication pattern) in Christienson and Salari (1984), attachment styles in Hazan and Shiver (1987), tolerance in Conner and Davidson (2003).

data resulted from questionnaire analyzed by SPSS in two part, as descriptive and perceptive form, by Pearson Correlation Test and multi-variable regression.

findings show that there is a positive correlation among attachment styles and tolerance and communication patterns of family .

tolerance can predict communication pattern in family and when tolerance increases, communication patterns also enhance and this means the more women tolerate in parenting, the better the communication patterns will be.

This study emphasizes the relationship between communication patterns of family and attachment styles and when safe attachment styles increases, communication patterns in family enhance. While mutual attachment decreases, the communication patterns enhance in family.

It seems that the psychological capacities of individuals, along with their selfcompassion, inhibit rumination in dealing with their own issues and related to body image due to high self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to comparison of psychological capital, selfcompassion and rumination in surgical applicants and non-applicants.

The method of this descriptive study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study consisted of all applicants for cosmetic surgery referred to the Gandhi Surgery Center and their companions in the spring of 2018. To measure the variables, the rumination response scale, self-compassion scale and psychological capital questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance analysis and independent samples t-test.

In the present study, the results showed that there is a difference in the self-efficacy and optimism scales in non-applicant and surgical applicant group individuals. There is a difference in the rumination variable in non-applicant and surgical applicant group individuals. There is a difference in the self-judgment and isolation scales in non-applicant and surgical applicant group individuals.

The lack of optimism and self-efficacy in those who apply for cosmetic surgery may point out that these individuals have attributed their inability to deal with the environment and in their interpersonal relationships to their physical defects and are constantly seeking to resolve it. Women who tend to have cosmetic surgery tend to be physically altered in response to self-blame thoughts in a defective cycle, which in the long run requires more cosmetic surgeries. Possibly, self-compassion in women who seek to cosmetic surgery to conceal their defects continuously is likely to decline sharply.

The purpose of this study is to determine the predictive role of personality traits and the difficulties of emotional adjustment in the appeal of live at the present moment.

this study used correlational type of descriptive and statistical society Islamic Azad University of Karaj students in the academic year of 1394-95in which according to Green(1991) table,220 subjects were selected by the way of available sampling. Research tools: the Research tools were NEO-Five Factor Inventory questionnaire (1986) Zimbardo Time Perspective (1999) and Grvtz and Roemer (2004) emotional adjustment difficulties all Data were based a regression method with regression approach.

The results indicated that among the components emotional adjustment difficulties, only the limited access of emotional adjustment strategies component predicted the tendency to life at present moment negatively.

Among personality traits, extraversion and openness positively and conscientiousness negatively predicts the tendency to life at present moment.

The purpose of this study was to predict of life expectancy based on psychological hardiness, social support and mindfulness in diabetic patients.

The research method was descriptive correlational type and the statistical population included all diabetic patients who were members of the Iranian Association for Diabetes, in summer and autumn of 2017, among whom 131 were selected by available sampling method. The tools of this study were Adult Hope Scale by Snyder et al. (1991), Kobasa Hardiness Scale (1979), social support appraisals (SS‐A) scale by Vaux et al (1986), and Five fact mindfulness questionnaires by Baer et al (2006). Statistical analysis was multivariate regression analysis.

Social support (P=0.377, P=0.0001), mindfulness (β=0.142, P=0/0001) and psychological hardiness (β=0.597, P=0.0001) positive and significant predict life expectancy in diabetic patients.

Regarding the effect of mindfulness, psychological hardiness and social support on the life expectancy in diabetic patients, with the necessary training in this field, can increase the hope in these patients, which will improve the treatment process as well.

It looks like those defensive mechanisms can be used as psychological mechanisms for managing emotional and negative emotions. The purpose of this study was to prediction of expression and control of anger based on early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms in college students.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study consisted of all university students of the Islamic Azad University of Shahre Qhods, numbering 330 thousand, among whom 300 were selected by available sampling method. The study tools consisted of defense style questionnaire-40 by Andrews, Singh & Bond 1993, statetrait anger inventory-2 by Spielberger (1999) & Young schema questionnaire-short form 1998.

Regression coefficients showed that disconnection and rejection (β=0.227, P=0.001) and impaired limits (β=0.211, P=0.001) components predict anger expression. Immature defense mechanisms (β=0.213, P=0.001) predict anger expression. Only disconnection and rejection component of early maladaptive schemas (β=-0.164, P=0.047) predicts anger control. Immature defense mechanisms (β=-0.180, P=0.002) negatively and mature defense mechanisms (β=0.357, P=0.002) positively predict anger control.

It is suggested that parents should be taught parenting practices, especially in the childhood of their children, to prevent the development of maladaptive schemas and immature defense mechanisms.